Anemia is the most common blood condition in the United States, affecting about 5.6% of the population. In Canada, approximately 3% of the population had anemia in 2015. People at higher risk of anemia include those with increased need for red blood cells such as young children, pregnant women and people with chronic diseases as well as people who suffer blood loss from internal bleeding, accident and menstruation. Common symptoms of anemia include fatigue, weakness, dizziness, drowsiness, irregular heartbeats, pale skin, cold and in severe cases, heart failure. There are various types of anemia but the most common types include:

Anemia is a medical condition marked by a lack of, or decrease in the number of red blood cells and hemoglobin. It is a disorder in which the number of red blood cells or their oxygen-carrying capacity is insufficient to meet the body’s daily physiologic needs. Red blood cells are produced in the bone marrow and their lifespan is about 120 days. They play an important role in human health by carrying fresh oxygen from the lungs to the rest of the body. Hemoglobin is the protein contained in the red blood cells that makes them red and binds or carries the oxygen. Red blood cells also remove carbon dioxide from the body, transporting it to the lungs for exhalation. When the body has abnormal or insufficient healthy red blood cells or hemoglobin, the cells and organs in the body will not get enough oxygen to function properly.

1. Iron-deficiency anemia: The body does not make sufficient red blood cells when the mineral, iron is lacking. Iron-deficiency anemia is the most common form of anemia and may be caused by low-iron diet, loss of blood, or inability to absorb enough iron from food.
2. Sickle cell anemia: This is an inherited form of anemia where the red blood cells are abnormally shaped. In this disease, the red blood cells are shaped like sickles or half-moons rather than the normal indented circles. This change in shape makes the cells get stuck and unable to move smoothly through blood vessels causing blockage in blood flow. This blockage may cause acute or chronic pain and can also lead to infection or organ damage. These sickle cells also die much faster than normal blood cells- in about 10 to 20 days instead of 120 days, causing a shortage of red blood cells.
3. Normocytic anemia: This type of anemia is caused by insufficient amount of red blood cells to meet the body’s needs. Diseases that cause this type of anemia are usually long-term conditions, like kidney disease, cancer, or rheumatoid arthritis.
4. Hemolytic anemia: This occurs when the red blood cells are destroyed by an abnormal process in the body before their lifespan is over. As a result, the body doesn’t have enough red blood cells to function, and the bone marrow cannot make enough to keep up with the body’s demand.
5. Fanconi anemia: This is a rare inherited disorder in which the bone marrow is unable to make enough of any of the components of blood, including red blood cells. Children born with this disorder often have serious birth defects because of the problems with their blood and may develop leukemia.
6. Aplastic anemia: This form of anemia occurs when there is a significant reduction in the number of stem cells or absence of these cells. Aplastic anemia can either be inherited or occur without any apparent cause. It can also occur when the bone marrow is injured by medications, radiation, chemotherapy, or infection.
7. Thalassemia: This occurs when red blood cells are unable to grow and mature properly. Thalassemia is an inherited condition typically affecting people of Mediterranean, African, Middle Eastern, and Southeast Asian descent. The condition varies in severity from mild to life-threatening, where the most severe form is called Cooley’s anemia.

Unfortunately, the genetic and inherited forms of anemia cannot be treated. However, iron-deficiency anemia, which is the most common type, can be prevented or treatable with high iron diet and iron supplements. The risk of iron-deficiency anemia can be reduced by choosing iron-rich foods such as red meat, pork, poultry, seafood, beans, dark green leafy vegetables, iron-fortified cereals, breads and pastas. Additionally, foods containing vitamin C such as citrus juice are important to enhance iron absorption.

Clinical depression is a global health issue characterized by complex mood disorders which results from various factors such as genetic predisposition, personality, gender, stress level and brain chemistry. Depression is a common but serious medical illness that negatively affects feelings, thoughts and actions. It is not merely a feeling of unhappiness or mood swings that can be gotten over, but a health issue that can be clinically diagnosed. Fortunately, it is also treatable. Depression leads to a lack of interest and loss of fulfillment in activities that an individual once enjoyed. It can also lead to a variety of emotional and physical problems which decrease a person’s ability to function both at work and home. Some forms of depression develop under specific circumstances, examples include:

• Seasonal affective disorder (SAD): This form of depression is caused by the weather and time of the year.
•  Postpartum depression: This occurs in women, following the birth of a child. Over 10 per cent of women will experience this type of depression.
• Persistent depressive disorder (Dysthymia): This is characterized by a constant moodiness with moderate symptoms of depression.

Symptoms of depression can vary from mild to severe and may include:

• Loss of appetite
• Weight gain or loss
• Insomnia
• Fatigue
• Difficulty concentrating or making decisions
• Suicidal thoughts
• Loss of interest in work and hobbies
• Withdrawal from family and friends
• Pessimism
• Low self-esteem
• Irritability
• Hallucinations or delusions

An estimated 6.7% of adults experience depression at some point in their life in any given year. Additionally, one in six people (16.6%) will experience depression at some time in their life. Depression is most common among teens, young adults in their mid-20s and women. Although there is no single cause of depression, some risk factors include:

• Family history of depression
• Psychological vulnerability to depression
• Biological factors such as imbalances in brain chemistry
• Stress level
• Personality and gender

There are no known laboratory tests for depression; however, health care professionals may carry out some tests to rule out conditions with similar symptoms. Questions about feelings, thoughts, behavior, history of mental health problems, physical health problems and routine activities are used determine whether a person may have depression so as to establish or make a diagnosis. Depression is among the most treatable of mental disorders. About 85% of people who suffer from depression eventually respond well to treatment and almost all patients gain some relief from their symptoms. Commonly used treatments are:

• Psychoeducation
• Psychotherapy
• Pharmacotherapy such as antidepressants
• Electroconvulsive therapy (ECT)
• Repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS)
• Magnetic seizure therapy (MST)

These treatments are used either individually or in a combination to increase their effectiveness. Clinical depression needs to be managed over the course of a person’s life to prevent recurrence. It can be effectively managed and controlled by combining a healthy lifestyle with regular treatments.

A healthy diet promotes growth and health at all stages of life- foetus, child, adult and old age. The role of nutrients and vitamins in fetal development and growth cannot be overemphasized. Eating a healthy, balanced diet in pregnancy is particularly helpful in supplying the necessary vitamins and minerals needed for baby formation and nutrition. In addition to a balanced, healthy diet, some vitamins are so important that they have to be supplemented by taking multivitamins to provide adequate amounts for the body. These extra vitamins also help to bridge any nutritional gaps in diet and should be started as early as possible to be effective. Understanding which nutrients are most needed as well as where to find them prepares expecting mothers and helps them optimize the health of their baby.

The first 28 days of foetal development represent one of the most crucial periods as the spine, spinal cord and brain begin to develop. Consequently, the essential prenatal vitamins must be taken in the required dose during this period to aid these developments.

There is actually no special formula for a healthy pregnancy diet; in fact, the basic principles of healthy eating remain binding and constant- fruits, vegetables, whole grains, lean protein and healthy fats. However, some nutrients and vitamins are needed in more doses than even a healthy, balanced diet can supply. In such cases, these vitamins deserve special attention and should be supplemented. They include:

1. Folate and folic acid: Folate is a B vitamin that helps prevent neural tube defects, birth defects, premature birth, serious abnormalities of the brain and spinal cord. Its synthetic form- folic acid is found in supplements and fortified foods. The recommended daily intake is 400 – 800 micrograms before conception and throughout pregnancy. Sources include fortified cereals, leafy green vegetables, citrus fruits and dried beans.
2. Calcium: Calcium is needed for strong bones and teeth. It also helps the circulatory, muscular and nervous systems run normally. Up to 1,000 milligrams are needed daily for pregnant women while pregnant teenagers need up to 1,300 milligrams. Sources include dairy products, fortified fruit juices, broccoli and kale.
3. Vitamin D: Vitamin D, like calcium also helps build foetal bones and teeth. About 600 international units (IU) are needed daily. Sources include fatty fish, such as salmon, and fortified milk and orange juice.
4. Protein: Protein is crucial for foetal growth throughout pregnancy. Recommended intake amount is 71 grams a day. Protein sources include Lean meat, poultry, fish, eggs, beans and peas, nuts, seeds and soy products.
5. Iron: The body uses iron to make hemoglobin, a protein in the red blood cells that carries oxygen to tissues. Iron is needed to make more blood to supply oxygen to the growing baby. During pregnancy, the need for iron should be doubled because its deficiency causes anaemia, fatigue, premature birth, low birth weight and postpartum depression. About 27 milligrams is needed daily. Sources include lean red meat, poultry, fish, iron-fortified breakfast cereals, beans and vegetables.

Other prenatal vitamins include: Vitamin C, Vitamin E, Vitamin B₁₂, Iodine, Zinc, Niacin, Thiamine, and Riboflavin. It is important to consult a healthcare professional who would recommend the specific vitamins and in what doses they should be taken.

Substance misuse or addiction or drug dependence is a major public health problem worldwide. In 2012, a total of 2.8 million Canadians aged 15 and older reported symptoms consistent with major disorders and dependence on alcohol, cannabis or other drugs. Compared to other drugs (4.0%), Cannabis (6.8%) had the highest number of users in Canada. Addiction or dependence on drugs is a chronic, relapsing disorder that causes significant cost on individuals, families, businesses, communities, and nations. Individuals suffering addiction usually engage in destructive and criminal behavior.

Drug rehabilitation or drug rehab services are a collection of programs and services which involve the processes of medical or psychotherapeutic treatment for drug dependency or addiction. These drugs usually include psychoactive substances such as prescription drugs and street drugs such as cocaine, heroin or amphetamines. The overall aim of these services is to enable patients to confront their dependence on substances and discontinue use in order to improve their health, well being, quality of life and avoid the psychological, legal, financial, social, and physical consequences that result from drug abuse.

Treatment, interventions, programs and services can aid these individuals stop using addictive drugs and reduce the consequences of addictive drug use on the rest of society. They enable patients become abstinent and to improve functioning through sustained recovery by reducing drug use, improving the addict’s ability to function, and minimizing medical consequences. Various methods of treatment are used in drug rehabilitation including medication for depression, expert counseling, spiritual healing, focus groups and experience sharing.

Other treatment options include therapeutic communities, behavioral treatments, medications (e.g., methadone, levo-alph-acetyl-methadol (LAAM), or naltrexone for heroin addiction), outpatient drug free programs, hospitalization, psychiatric programs, twelve-step recovery programs, and treatment that combine two or more of these options. Providing treatment for chronic drug users is both compassionate public policy and a sound investment. For example, Drug Abuse Treatment Outcome Study (DATOS) in the United States found that outpatient methadone treatment reduced heroin use by 70 percent, cocaine use by 48 percent, and criminal activity by 57 percent. It also increased employment by 24 percent.

Inequality is the uneven distribution of resources in a given society through systems that perpetuate specific patterns with regards to distinct categories of people. Inequality is characterized by the presence of unequal opportunities and rewards for different social groups or statuses within a population or society. It encompasses structural and recurrent forms of unequal and unfair distributions of rights, privileges, resources, health care and services, labor market, income sources, freedom of speech, education, political representation and participation and judgments.

Inequalities result when societies are organized by hierarchies of power, religion, kinship, prestige, race, ethnicity, gender, age, sexual orientation, and class that regulate access to resources and rights in ways that make their distribution unequal. Instances of inequalities reflected in several areas include income and wealth inequality, unequal access to education and cultural resources, differential treatment by the police and judicial systems. Inequality in a society leads to stress and status anxiety, which results in poor health. More so, people live longer, are less likely to be mentally ill or obese and have lower rates of infant mortality in societies that are more equal-with less inequality.

Although some level of inequality is inevitable in any society, it can be reduced by decreasing the gaps between the rich and the poor. A major way to reduce, and possibly, overcome inequality in a society is through Education. Education is perhaps the most critical means of improving the welfare of disadvantaged populations, especially as more of the world enters into the global knowledge society. It is the cornerstone for improving both social justice and economic productivity because it increases peoples’ knowledge of their rights, earning potential and social status as well as empowers them to take control of their lives through information. Education is inextricably linked to the health, social, economic and security status of individuals and societies. As such, it is better positioned as a core concern of the entire community, including families, business and other organizations.

To defend human right and reduce the gap between the haves and the have-nots, broad access to quality education must be pursued as one of the strongest social values. The most important level of education is higher education offered by universities. Universities play critical roles in helping countries improve their economic productivity and social quality of life by educating the skilled, internationally engaged and creative individuals needed as entrepreneurs and leaders for businesses to compete effectively. Universities also create the research, scholarship and knowledge that inspire the development of value-added products and processes. They also provide a hub for high-level international networks and partnerships. Consequently, it is vital that the higher education sector focuses on performance and quality, as well as accessibility, to ensure that society reaps maximum value from its investment.

Other approaches to overcome inequality and defend human rights include:

• Increase in minimum wage
• Expansion of the Earned Income Tax
• Building assets for working families
• Reducing tax rate for low income earners while increasing that of high earners
• Making the tax code more progressive

Primary health care (PHC) is healthcare practice that entails rendering health promotional medical care and services to people, communities and populations, rather than simply treating specific diseases or conditions. Healthcare resources include health professionals, equipment, facilities, educational tools and workshops, health promotional programs and drugs. Basically PHC is the core and foundation of public health and global health because it integrates the aims and activities of both preventive and curative medicines. These activities include a spectrum of services that range from prevention (for example, vaccinations and family planning) to management of chronic health conditions including palliative and geriatric care. PHC is composed of three major branches and they include: Empowered people and communities; Multi-sectoral policy and action; Primary care and essential public health functions as the core of integrated health services. PHC is important because it is usually the first point of contact in a community. It is also cost effective and more accessible to people due to its unique design. Ideally, PHCs are designed to be specific to communities such that each local community has a PHC. That way, health problems specific to such communities are well understood so that health promotion and disease prevention strategies are targeted accordingly for effectiveness. PHC can meet the majority of an individual’s health needs over the course of their life.

Health systems with strong PHC deliver better health outcomes, efficiency and improved quality of care compared to other models. On the other hand, health systems with weak PHC do the opposite sadly- deliver poor health outcomes, inefficiency and poor quality of care. Weak PHC systems lack essential drug supply and the capacity to provide basic health-care services. In addition, issues such as poor staffing, inadequate equipment, poor distribution of health workers, poor quality of health-care services, poor condition of infrastructure and inefficient management are markers of weak PHC systems.

PHC provides essential health care which makes universal health care possible and accessible to all individuals and families in a community. In essence, health systems with strong PHC are necessary to achieve universal health coverage and the health related Sustainable Development Goals. In addition, PHC is an approach to health beyond the traditional health care system given that it focuses on health equity-producing social policy. It encompasses all areas that play a role in health, such as access to health services, environment and lifestyle. Therefore, a combination of primary healthcare and public health measures may be considered the cornerstones of universal health systems.

Due to under investment, lack of political will and misconceptions about roles and benefits, the development of PHC has been unequal across the world. Notwithstanding, Universal health coverage requires a renewed focus on primary care and their importance for individuals, health systems and health for all. Consequently, PHC meds complete participation and financial investment so that communities and countries can afford to maintain it at every stage of their development through self-reliance and self-determination.

Challenges are inevitable in a dynamic world like ours; especially in the area of healthcare. Before we take note of some challenging problems of global health in the last decade, it is important to appreciate the progress that global health has made so far. In May 2017, the World Health Organization (WHO) released its annual World Health Statistics report, which monitors countries’ progress on the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs). In as much as the report highlighted the fact that the international community has more work to do to improve health and achieve the SDGs, significant progress was made collectively by nations, organizations, health workers, companies, individuals and many other partners. Specifically, the following mark significant advancement in global health:

1. Quality of data collection, disease prevention and access to adequate health care have improved in many countries
2. Global rates for under-5 mortality have declined by 44% since 2000 and HIV cases have decreased by 35% since 2000
3. About 60% of the at-risk malaria population had access to insecticide-treated nets, compared to 34% in 2010
4. Approximately 86% of children receive their DTP3 vaccine and the administration of all three doses of hepatitis B vaccine reached 84% in 2015
5. The risk of dying from one of the four major non-communicable diseases – diabetes, cancer, chronic lung disease, and cardiovascular disease – declined by 17% among people aged 30-70 since 2000

Despite these advancements, global health has faced and still faces challenges today. Changing patterns of disease and transformations in global health practice create challenges for practitioners. Below are some of the most pressing global health problems we face today:

1. Building Public Health Systems: One of the most pressing challenges today is the need to invest in patient-centered public health systems that respond timely to the range of factors that shape patterns of health and illness.
2. Coordinating Global Health Initiatives: Bureaucratic rules and regulations in different countries continue to hinder effective coordination, contributing to redundancies and delays in meeting global health targets. Approaches such as partnerships with the government and flexibility in regulations are needed to facilitate the coordination of global health programs.
3. Facilitating Participation: New governing structures that link the range of global health practitioners to state and local stakeholders should be created. More so- beyond receiving aids and funds, programs and workshops that encourage and increase participation are essential.
4. Prioritizing the Needs of the Most Marginalized: The needs of the most marginalized populations have remained neglected. As a result, declining poverty rates have been accompanied by widening inequalities. In the next decade, it is essential to prioritize the health needs of the most marginalized populations, and to devise innovative initiatives to work with these populations to improve their health outcomes.
5. Increasingly fragile health of sub-Saharan Africa:  The last decade witnessed widening gaps in health worldwide to the extent that the entire African continent is left behind in global health progress. For millions of children today, particularly in Africa, the biggest health challenge is to survive until their fifth birthday, and their chances of doing so are less than they were a decade ago. This is a result of the continuing impact of communicable diseases. Overall, 35% of Africa’s children are at higher risk of death than they were 10 years ago.
6. Global increase in non-communicable diseases, especially in Africa: Here, life expectancy is always shorter than almost any part of the world. In some African countries, it has been cut by 20 years and life expectancy for men is less than 46 years. The international community must continue to carry Africa along so that the poor health systems and outcomes stop sabotaging global health efforts and progress.

A “health system” is described as all the organizations, institutions, resources, and people whose primary purpose is to improve health (World Health Organization [WHO], 2010). Health system strengthening (HSS) is a global health term which represents the activities and actions targeted towards the improvement of a country’s health care system. It is a broad term which includes various activities such as funding for health infrastructure, conversations to improve health policy, attempts to achieve universal healthcare and other forms of health improvement measures. It is important to note that strong, flexible and well-resourced health systems are essential to achieving universal health coverage as well as ensuring global health security, including resilience in the context of health and other emergencies.

Lately, there has been a shift in the global health agenda from disease-specific approaches to HSS; this improves the effectiveness of health services. WHO has also placed emphasis on the significance of health systems in delivering effective and affordable care so as to achieve increased health equity, especially for poorer populations. More so, WHO and global partners have developed a framework for measuring HSS; comprised of six core components or building blocks: service delivery, health workforce, health information systems, access to essential medical products, vaccines and technologies, health financing and leadership and governance. Furthermore, USAID in a recent article termed strengthening health systems a strategic imperative and highlighted the importance of investing in HSS in the present time. A strong health system is also the best insurance developing countries can have against an unstable and unpredictable disease burden.

Health systems- being the resources and activities that work together to improve the health of populations, ensures quality across most or all of the six building blocks of WHO mentioned above. The needs of patients and health care professionals are the driving forces for the system to continually improve and evolve. Understanding these needs aid and position governments to prioritize HSS by providing high-quality, comprehensive health care to all citizens. Consequently governments partner with private and public organizations in order support their efforts in strengthening health systems, as well as improve care for all, especially the poor and vulnerable.

A practical example of HSS is the partnership between United States Center for Disease Control and Prevention and Nigeria in a program called: The Nigeria Field Epidemiology Laboratory Training Program (N-FELTP). The N-FELTP is a program designed by CDC to strengthen the public health workforce in Nigeria. N-FELTP trains residents in various fields such as public health laboratory, epidemiology and veterinary epidemiology to work in leadership and technical positions in the Nigeria Federal Ministry of Health (FMOH), Agriculture and Rural Development (FMARD) and state levels. This two-year program helps to strengthen health systems within the country by increasing knowledge and skills in field epidemiology and laboratory science as well as building a team of skilled and well-trained health professionals in Nigeria. Since its commencement in 2008, N-FELTP has assisted in the detection, investigation and response to more than 70 disease outbreaks including lead poisoning in Zamfara State, multi-state outbreaks of Lassa fever and cholera, as well as polio eradication efforts.

Empowerment means equipping and arming people with the knowledge , potential and requirements to become independent or self sufficient in order to achieve a goal. Youth empowerment is a process where young people are encouraged, supported and equipped to take charge of their lives. It requires addressing negative or limiting situations so as to improve access to resources and transform oneself through beliefs, values, and actions. The aim of youth empowerment is to improve the quality of life of young people and increase dependence on oneself. This is achieved by creating and encouraging participation in youth empowerment programs such as training, education and information sessions or workshops.

The importance and benefits of youth empowerment to individuals, families, communities and nations cannot be overstated. The rationale behind empowerment is to enable participation and enhance control through shared decision making by creating opportunities to learn, practice, and increase skills. Empowerment theory predicts that engaging young people in social, knowledge-acquiring and community-enhancing activities which they define and control, allows them to gain essential skills, responsibilities, and confidence necessary to become productive and healthy adults. Youth empowerment ensures the existence of the five competencies of a healthy youth: (1) positive sense of self, (2) self- control, (3) decision-making skills, (4) a moral system of belief, and (5) pro-social connectedness.
Empowerment takes various forms and considers six interdependent areas including individual, community, organizational, economic, social and cultural.

Around the world, several youth empowerment models and programs are used to help youth achieve empowerment. These programs are available through non-profit organizations, government organizations, schools or private organizations, individual foundations. Some youths often take the initiative to empower themselves by seeking and taking advantage of these programs. Over the years, various social action and empowerment movements, including youth empowerment, educate the girl child, poverty alleviation and women empowerment spring up, and become institutionalized. Youth empowerment is often described as a marker of development, as well as a roadmap to economic growth, intergenerational equity, civic engagement and democracy building. This is because many activities such as education, business, media, rights, leadership and activism focus on the youths due to increased youth involvement in community decision-making.

Individual empowerment enhances individual’s consciousness by increasing awareness and knowledge of problems and solutions. This creates self-confidence and sufficiency in decision making and problem solving thereby increasing the quality of life. Community empowerment focuses on community enhancement through leadership development, communication, and networking to address community issues. Organizational empowerment creates a resource base for the community, including organizations and associations that protect, promote and advocate for the less privileged. Economic empowerment provides training and entrepreneurial skills including how have income security. Social empowerment teaches youth about social inclusion and literacy as well as promotes proactivity. Cultural empowerment highlights and emphasizes cultural practices, rules and norms.
These different forms of empowerment help to develop the youth in one or more aspects of their lives. The overall aim of youth empowerment programs is to create healthier and higher qualities of life for underprivileged and at-risk youth.

Fraud, according to the English dictionary, is a form of unjust, deceptive and criminal activity aimed at the perpetrator’s financial or personal gain. A fraudulent person or act is one intended to deceive others, usually by unjustifiable claims or false credits with accomplishments or qualities. The effects and consequences of fraud are far reaching and wide spread in our society, impacting homes, policies and welfare of citizens.

Informally, fraud is often referred to as scam and is of the most common and expensive crimes endured by millions of people across the world. These scammers are so difficult to avoid; they target everyone including businesses, and are present everywhere especially on the internet, and certainly the streets. Fraudsters employ a broad range of techniques while committing these crimes and some common types of fraud include: Mail Fraud, Internet Fraud, Immigration Fraud, Ponzi Scheme Fraud, License Fraud, Debit and Credit Card Fraud, Bank Account Takeover Fraud, Stolen Tax Refund Fraud, Voter Fraud and Identity Theft. Generally, Fraud has negative effects on everyone affected; most people have either been victims of fraud or know someone who has been defrauded. The following constitute some effects of fraud on individuals, and consequently, the society at large:

• Economic downturn due to injuries to individuals or damage to properties
• Loss in public services such as transportation, police and fire departments
• Financial loss endured by corporations due to loss suffered by their clients
• Physical injury or death to victims caught in the middle of a scam gone wrong
• Emotional and psychological burdens on the fraud victims
• Financial loss to individuals and consequent health problems
• Distrust, prejudice and lack of confidence in the system

Fraud is a universal crime which occurs worldwide- in every nation; however, it is more common in countries without adequate anti-fraud strategies or laws to prosecute offenders. In Nigeria for example- a country where 95% of the news from all sources stem from various forms of crime, particularly violence and fraud, the above mentioned impacts of fraud abound. The emotional and psychological effects of fraud on victims are perhaps the most disturbing. Depending on the kind of fraud, these victims may become susceptible to many stress-related complications and trauma, finding it difficult to recover from their financial loss. Other feelings associated with fraud victims are loneliness, embarrassment, suicidal thoughts, incompetence, guilt, lack of confidence and loss of their sense of security and dignity- these may take years to regain.

Fraud has remained persistent in our society- growing and evolving, affecting individuals, businesses and countries alike. As anti-fraud technologies evolve and information security tightens, the cleverness of fraudsters becomes more advanced. Fraudsters are continually striving to be one step ahead of the next fraud-prevention strategy. Furthermore, as more activities move from face-to-face interaction to online and mobile transactions- which increase the likelihood of fraud, it becomes necessary to develop more elaborate and accurate fraud prevention strategies. It is also very essential to remain aware of the probabilities, types and transformations in these crimes so as not to fall victim. Noteworthy, keeping one’s confidential information safe and protecting oneself against fraud is a means of preserving well-being, given the aforementioned impacts.